The descendant of an East Prussian pastor’s family and lawyers-turned, after studying theology and philosophy to writing and journalism. His Italian travel diary “wandering years in Italy” (1856) became famous as a writer Ferdinand Gregorovius. In the scientific field, he created his “History of Rome in the Middle Ages” (1859-1872) a classic of German Renaissance Research in the 19th Century, Which thus stands out for its literary quality …

Ferdinand was born on 19 Gregorovius January 1821 in East Prussia Neidenburg born.

Gregorovius came from an old established lawyer and pastor’s family. After the school completed a study of Gregorovius theology and philosophy at the University of Königsberg. During his studies he discovered the old story in itself, where he was influenced mainly by the historian William Drumann. Gregorovius decided against the minister originally intended profession and turned to journalism and writing.

After graduation, he worked as a journalist and as a tutor. His literary breakthrough came with the publication of Gregorovius travel notes he had made in 1852 during a trip through Italy. The “wandering years in Italy,” are still considered classics of German enthusiasm for Italy of the 19th Century. As a result, turned to Gregorovius and scientific studies on Italy, he moved his residence to Rome and studied the “History of Rome in the Middle Ages,” which he published in the years 1859 to 1872 in several volumes.

The plant is considered a classic of German Renaissance Research in the 19th Century. Because of its sophisticated literary form which earned him yet scientifically sound work some envious hostility of one academic circles, which never belonged Gregorovius. For his research achievements Gregorovius was appointed as the first German honorary citizen of Rome. In the Bavarian Academy of Sciences was opened to him. When his late work Gregorovius published in 1889 the “History of the City of Athens in the Middle Ages.”

Ferdinand died on 1 Gregorovius May 1891 in Munich.

• February 8, 2012 -- Kaspar Hauser (0)
  The child appeared to boulder on 26 May 1828 as some 16-year-old, mentally retarded, neglected and overgrown with young people speaking barely walk on the Nuremberg Unschlittplatz. However, the case of the mysterious stranger, who grew up isolated from civilization, internationally known and provide...
• November 15, 2011 -- Friedrich Schleiermacher (0)
  The German theologian and philosopher understood God as the creator of the world, but not later intervene in world affairs. For Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, religion was the "feeling of absolute dependence niger" from God. His religion Schleiermacher described in the main work "The Christi...
• November 5, 2011 -- Johann Gottfried Herder (0)
  The writer was important poet, translator, theologian and philosopher of history and culture of the Weimar Classics. He was one of the most influential thinkers of his time and, with Christoph Martin Wieland, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller, for "four star" of the Weimar Classics. ...

Friedrich Engels was born on 28 November 1820, the daughter of a wealthy textile manufacturer in Barmen, Wuppertal, today was born.

Engels met already in the works of his early years of the poet Heinrich Heine and the philosopher Georg Hegel. Later he served an apprenticeship as a merchant in Bremen. From 1839 he published literary and philosophical works. During this time he met with the young Germans. In the years 1841 and 1842 he spent his military service in Berlin. There he established close contacts with the radical left-wing Hegelians. He was also influenced by the socialist Moses Hess. In 1842 he first met Karl Marx in Cologne. Engels worked in the office of his father in Manchester, England, and there came into close contact with the working world.

He got to know the social conditions in England, and it soon turned the labor question. Engels came into contact with Chartism, Which works for the extension of voting rights for the workers. During this time, Engels wrote articles for the “Northern Star” and other media. His experiences he worked in the political-economic study entitled “The Condition of the Working Class in England” which was published in 1845. The work formed the basis of scientific socialism. In 1844 he again met Marx in Paris. From that meeting there developed a lifelong friendship and collaboration.

In the years 1845 and 1846, the first joint paper entitled “The German Ideology” was published. In it, Engels and Karl Marx dealing with German philosophy in the context of materialism. 1847 Angel joined the “League of the Just”, on organization that worked in London. From the later “Communist League” for Marx and Engels was developed in 1848 “Komunistische Manifesto”. The manifesto includes a discussion of communist ideas, and what Decisive for the subsequent communist literature. It was written by Karl Marx, Engels, what provided the draft. Angel was not only in literature and theory in the revolutionary struggle of his time involved, but that is Actively it about.

He supported the struggles of the volunteer corps in Baden and the Palatinate. 1848 riots during the revolution in Germany, he was together with Karl Marx, the “Neue Rheinische Zeitung” published. As of 1850, Friedrich Engels worked in the office again in Manchester. From this work out, it was possible for him to Karl Marx to support his life financially. In 1869, he was – after he had left the family business – the Secretary General of the “International Workingmen’s Association” in London, called the “First International.” In this post he was able to focus on the organizational, scientific and journalistic activities. He has published writings on socialism and Numerous Malthus helped him to spread and popularity.

These writings include, for example, “Dialectics of Nature” (1871) or “The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State” (1884). In 1889, the “Second International” was founded. Although Engels had little to do with the foundation, he made his influence on the design and implementation of the program claimed. In his early work on political economy, “The Condition of the Working Class in England,” Angel explained his view of politics and history by the economic development of society. He went to private property responsible for the ills of contemporary social fields. As an outlook, and the abolition of all social imbalances, he announced to the class struggle, Whose objective is ultimately communism.

The working title of Friedrich Engels, was known as a revolutionary political and economic thinkers and writers. For Engels’ major works include the defense, “Mr. Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science” (1878), “The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State” (1884) and “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy” (1886). Furthermore, Engels was the third and fourth volume of “capital” out, Which He co-wrote the basis of notes and manuscripts of Karl Marx. Although applied during the entire period of cooperation, Karl Marx as the leading thinkers of socialism, but after his death in 1883 Engels took over this role.

In their writings, the two philosophers concerned with the systematic derivation and explanation of the socialist, communist principles, Which later became known as Marxism. Furthermore, turned to Friedrich Engels thus subjects of mathematics, military science, languages, natural sciences and anthropology.

Friedrich Engels died on 5 August 1895 in London.

• January 30, 2012 -- Karl Marx (0)
  The philosopher, political journalist and critic of bourgeois society and of classical economics is as controversial as the most influential theorist of communism. In particular, Karl Marx strove for a scientific analysis to the critique of capitalism. He is considered the founder of scientific soci...
• November 15, 2011 -- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (0)
  The philosopher Georg WF Hegel applies not only as the most important representatives of German idealism. He developed on the basis of Kant's criticism his metaphysical idealism. His main work is the "science teaching", in which he outlines the basic foundation of all philosophy. Johann Gottli...
• February 8, 2012 -- Clara Schumann (0)
  The German pianist, composer and wife of Robert Schumann was one of the greatest pianists and composers of their time. Above all, they made ​​known the work of her husband. She dedicated her life but also the compositions of Frederic Chopin and their friend Johannes Brahms. Initially hailed as a pro...
• December 13, 2011 -- Heinrich Heine (0)
  The poet is considered one of the most important German writers. He is regarded as the "last of the Romantic poets," and at the same time as her conqueror. Heinrich Heine was famous not only for his tremendous eloquence, but, above all, by his critical tone against the establishment. Literature, h...
• November 29, 2011 -- Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (0)
  The philosopher was one of the main representatives of German idealism. He formed his philosophy with the transition to Romanticism. It developed a speculative nature Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling philosophy of the hierarchy of natural forces. This approach led to a philosophy of identity. His metaphy...

Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, on 30 March 1818, Hamm was born in Siegen. His father was the mayor of Gottfried Friedrich Raiffeisen.

Since his father care for a serious illness, the family could hardly visited the child only the elementary school. With his godfather, a pastor, but he enjoyed private instruction in higher education and Christian education. In 1835, Raiffeisen volunteered for military service and embarked on a career a career soldier, he had to retire due to an eye disease but 1843rd Sorry, turned into the result of local government as a new field of activity in 1845 and was appointed mayor of the municipality Weyerbusch Westerwald. There he married later that year Emilie Storck, with whom he had nine children, of whom five died, but early.

In the economically underdeveloped, agricultural region Raiffeisen developed under the influence of bad harvests of 1846/47 the idea of ​​cooperative self-help, that should work on the principle of helping people help themselves. As the farmers were in poor harvests often rely on loans from private moneylenders, they were threatened by the loss of the crop failure of the court, misery and famine. Raiffeisen founded in 1847, therefore the Weyerbusch “Brodverein” who gathered at the more affluent citizens donated food for the hungry. Been added as Raiffeisen 1848 in the neighboring community Flammersfeld was, he founded the “Aid Society to assist impecunious farmers,” which had its own bank.

Sorry, developed his concept for the cooperative assistance loan fund, administered by the members of the club funds responsibly and ensured the survival of farms even in crises. Thus, Raiffeisen developed his idea of ​​self-help to self-government continued, so he laid the ideological foundation for the modern cooperative movement. Raiffeisen in 1852 moved to the post of Mayor Office Heddesdorf at Neuwied, where he remained until 1865. His first wife died in 1863, after which he married his second wife Marie Penserot. In Heddesdorf he called 1864 the first loan society to life, the more cash soon followed.

Together after the establishment of a regional association of the funds closed in 1877 all the German Raiffeisen loan banks in a national umbrella organization. This umbrella organization was the basis for the further development and global spread of the cooperative system.

Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, died on 11 Heddesdorf in March 1888 in Neuwied. After the Second World War, one named in the post-war Western Germany, the agricultural loan funds after the founder of the cooperative idea “people and Raiffeisen banks.”

• February 3, 2012 -- Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Märklin (0)
  The German entrepreneur laid the groundwork for the later world-famous eponymous toy production. Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Märklin began on a small scale in the production of metal goods and dollhouses. It was not until his sons Eugene and Karl in 1891 led the toy train in the range of goods, making...
• January 26, 2012 -- Friedrich Hebbel (0)
  The German poet has made a name above all as a dramatist. With the tragedy of "Judith" was explained by Christian Friedrich Hebbel that reputation. His dramas tell tragic life experiences through the clash of generations and historical eras and cultures. With his play "Mary Magdalene" opened the bou...
• December 23, 2011 -- Nikolaus Lenau (0)
  The Austrian Biedermeier writers of distinguished himself as a poet, who shows his complete works in a strong ambivalence. On the one hand, acting as his poetic works of world-weariness, melancholy and decay, on the other hand, are calling for his political poems of freedom, democracy and emancipa...
• November 29, 2011 -- Friedrich Hölderlin (0)
  The poet regarded as the greatest Odendichter of German literature. He himself described his odes that deal with the loss of the ideal life and the turmoil of the present and refer to a timeless golden age, as tragic. Friedrich Hölderlin's early anthems evoke the utopian idea of ​​unity. His late hy...
• November 29, 2011 -- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (0)
  The philosopher was the most influential representatives of German idealism. His philosophy is one of the most complex in the history of philosophy and is in effect comparable to that of Plato, Aristotle and Kant. He taught the philosophy of absolute idealism. He is strictly a systematic approach. I...

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Kaspar Hauser appeared on 26 May 1828 from nowhere in Nuremberg, it was estimated his age at 16 years.

Two letters that Kaspar Hauser was with him give evidence to the name, age and the environment in which he grew up. But it turned out that the two letters should cover his home track. Thus, the erratic son of a laborer and “poor maiden,” the lonely since his birth in 1812 is growing up in a house. The isolated nursery also explains his low voice training. After his arrival in Nuremberg Kaspar Hauer was first established in the prison. But it quickly drew the attention of the boulder-citizens and experts on themselves. After Frederick Binder, Mayor of Nuremberg, had visited him in prison, many visitors flocked there to marvel at the “wolf child” as he was then called.

Ties continued to claim in the world, Hauser was of noble origin. He became an attraction, and “Child of Europe” titled. He quickly became associated with the kidnapped son of a prince. Dealt with the case, the Bavarian court president Anselm von Feuerbach, was investigating the identity of the boy. He published his findings in 1832 under the title “crime against the soul life of man.” In it he noted the normality of houses and makes the isolated environment for the intellectual backwardness of the boy responsible. In his theory of Feuerbach came to a noble lineage of Hauser. He suspected him to be a descendant of the grand ducal family of the Zähringer from Karlsruhe.

There, brought on 29 September 1812, the Grand Duchess of Baden, Princess Stefanie de Beauharnais, an heir to the world for swimming, but he died in October of that year. Feuerbach suspected that the crown prince was not dead, but a supposititious child. Whose identity was with the 26 September 1812-born Johann Ernst Bloch, Jacob Mann, son of a laborer at the ducal court and in the service of the Countess Karoline Luise of Hochberg been given. The reversal was based on a succession dispute. A motive for this was found in the Countess of Hochberg, their marital connection to the Margrave Carl Friedrich was not befitting. Her sons had the right to the throne, when the male offspring would have died from the first marriage of Margrave Carl Friedrich.

This was then also, so that was the way to the throne for her son Leopold was free. Kaspar Hauser was, however, brought under the tutelage of Georg Friedrich Daumer on the island of repose. Daumer also conducted research into the history of the boulder. He learned from the private and scholars to read and write first. Hauser turned out to be inquisitive, intelligent and quick learning of young people, together with his intellectual abilities were his extraordinary talent for painting, and his fine handwriting as a sign of a noble ancestry. In his studies of Hauser’s whereabouts came to Daumer Beuggen Castle on the Upper Rhine between Basle and Waldshut, which since 1806 was in possession of the Margrave of Baden. He is said to have lived after his exchange for four years imprisoned.

Only 17 years old, a year of freedom alive, Hauser wrote in his 1829 biography, but gave the investigators no useful indication of its origin. It was not until 1924, then the water tower in the Upper Palatinate was Pilsach with Kaspar Hauser associated. There, the poet Clare Hofer discovered a hiding place, was held in which, according to experts, houses a total of ten years was caught. In 1982, the renovation there found a wooden horse, which is consistent with the Hauser’s description of his toys. Another indication to this location. After these years, he was reportedly released after a man had been practicing with him to walk and to write his name. The theory of the origin split the prince in public opinion between supporters and opponents.

In October 1829 an unknown person committed an assault on houses. The reasons for this could never be resolved. In a confidential letter, expressed to the effect of Anselm Feuerbach, Kaspar Hauser that the “rightful prince of Baden” was. Shortly afterwards, on 29 May 1833, died under mysterious circumstances Feuerbach. A political murder was suspected. Kaspar Hauser was born on 14 Appointed in December 1833 in the courtyard of Ansbach. There he lay in wait for a stranger, he inflicted the fatal stab wounds.

Kaspar Hauser died on 17 December 1833 as a result of the attack.

With the death of Hauser’s silent but not the speculation about his origins. Only a DNA test on behalf of the magazine “Der Spiegel” on 25 November 1996 brought to light that no offspring of Kaspar Hauser, the Grand Duke of Baden-line. But the test results based solely on the blood stain on the underpants Hauser. A recent, five years later made inquiry with the latest methods more heavily on the results of the first DNA testing. It was concluded that the blood stain on the underpants could not come by Hauser. The comparison with DNA material of direct Erbnachfolgerin by Stephanie de Beauharnais was consistent in all material positions, except of one. Because of this result is the exclusion that Kaspar Hauser was not a descendant of the Duke of Baden family, not possible.

• February 18, 2012 -- Ferdinand Gregorovius (0)
  The descendant of an East Prussian pastor's family and lawyers-turned, after studying theology and philosophy to writing and journalism. His Italian travel diary "wandering years in Italy" (1856) became famous as a writer Ferdinand Gregorovius. In the scientific field, he created his "History of Rom...
• December 15, 2011 -- Georg Friedrich Daumer (0)
  The German religious philosopher and writer trying to conceive a new religion, after he had traced in the history of a so-called destruction of religion. Because of his experience, Daumer Erlanger became a sharp critic of Protestant Christianity, especially of pietism. Then he eventually converted t...
• February 1, 2012 -- Carl Friedrich Zeiss (0)
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• January 30, 2012 -- Gottfried Keller (0)
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• January 26, 2012 -- Charles Dickens (0)
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Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour was on 10 August 1810 in Turin born.

After training at the Military Academy of Lt. Camillo Benso di Cavour suffered because of revolutionary statements on the occasion of the French July Revolution of 1830, a disciplinary transfer, which led him to resign from the military. 1835 Cavour became a several month stay abroad in Geneva, Paris and London in contact with the ideas of the liberal. After his return to Piedmont, he took charge of his father’s agricultural goods, which he in the 1830s and 1840s, reformed liberal economic ideas and the latest technical achievements.

Cavour took part in the journalistic discourse and clubs of the moderate-liberal ownership and agrarian elite of Piedmont, which was based on economic and social reforms and a liberal economic modernization, reactionary, conservative and revolutionary positions declined. Through the establishment of the moderate newspaper “Il Risorgimento” (“Resurrection”) began in 1847, he actively participate in political life. The periodic publication advocated for a constitution, however, should limit the political participation by a limited franchise rights to an elite few. In the revolution of 1848/49 was Cavour, who was then elected to the Piedmont Chamber of Deputies, one for a military intervention in neighboring Lombardy-Venetia in support of the local revolutionary movement.

From 1850 he was first as agriculture, then as Minister of Finance and finally from 1852 as a premier active share in the Piedmont reform liberalism, in the 1850s developed economically and politically in the continental part of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the national unification of Italy Savoyan-prepared Piedmontese leadership. In this context, Cavour succeeded by Piedmontese participation in the Crimean War of 1855, to discuss the national question can be in Italy at the Paris Peace Conference the following year for the first time at international level. The Piedmontese prime minister drove the internationalization of the Italian question and Diplomatisierung 1858 by the Austrian anti-signed with France by secret treaty Plombières continues.

The abrupt exit of the French-Austrian war in the agreed compromise of Villafranca temporarily forced Cavour to resign in 1859, Napoleon III. contrary to the decision in consultation Plombières the Austrian domination of Northern Italy partially upheld. After Cavour had been reappointed at the beginning of 1860 to head the government, he carried out in consultation with France, the integration of the rebel territories in central Italy, the future nation-state. On the occasion of Giuseppe Garibaldi’s “train of a Thousand” in southern Italy (May-October 1860) was Cavour occupy the Marches and Umbria, in order to regain his political maneuver against the democratic direction of the national movement.

In this way it was the Piedmontese statesman, to prevent a possible solution to the Republican national issue and bring the liberated territories of the peninsula under a constitutional Kingdom of Piedmont-Savoyard crown. The fate of the other on 17 March 1861 was proclaimed king of Italy, he could hardly affect performance.

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour died on 6 June 1861 in Turin.

• January 24, 2012 -- Giuseppe Garibaldi (0)
  The People's Liberation fighter applies together with Count Camillo Benso Cavour (1810-1861) and Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) as the triumvirate of heroes of the Italian Risorgimento, that is, the more recent Italian national history, according to the most remote corners and even in the smallest ham...
• January 22, 2012 -- Giuseppe Mazzini (0)
  For the history of modern Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini, is spiritual leader of the democratic wing of the Risorgimento, so the Italian independence movement of the 19th Century. Through his popular liberation and action program and the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) tried a republican Mazzini sol...
• February 1, 2012 -- Carl Friedrich Zeiss (0)
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• January 30, 2012 -- Theodor Mommsen (0)
  With a doctorate in law and was instrumental in the emergence of scientific history in Germany in the 19th Century involved. With his never-completed "Roman History" and numerous other works of Theodor Mommsen set scientific milestones. Moreover, the Nobel Laureate linked with the historic watch pol...
• January 24, 2012 -- Vincenzo Bellini (0)
  A native of Sicily composer Gioacchino Rossini and coined together with Domenico Donizetti opera, the European theater of the first half of the 19th Century. The produced in his works unique relationship between music and text was based on a lyrical and dramatic style of Vincenzo Bellini, whose infl...

Clara Josephine Schumann, Wieck with birth name, was the daughter of piano teacher Friedrich Wieck on 13 September 1819 in Leipzig, was born.

Schumann was musically trained by her father with the clear goal of a career as a pianist. Already in 1828 the nine-year-old made his first public appearance at the Leipzig Gewandhaus. At thirteen, she went on tour. Their concerts have taken her throughout Europe and the very young musician celebrated great success and was considered as a pianist with 16 years of European importance. Clara Schumann met the composer Robert Alexander Schumann, her future husband, know as a student of her father. In 1840 they married many years despite the opposition of the father of Clara.

Already at that time they earned with their music and their concerts, good money. The marriage eight children were born connected. Clara Schumann was in favor of her husband on his own promising career, or interrupted for a while. She dedicated her life but the music continues. Already in 1843 she set Heinrich Heine’s Loreley song “I do not know what it means.” Clara Schumann interpreted the compositions of her husband during the following 16 years of their marriage. She introduced her on concert tours to a wide audience. The couple met in 1853 the young Schumann, only twenty years of composer Johannes Brahms. This developed a close friendship, even to Clara Schumann.

Her husband, Robert Schumann died three years later on 29 July 1856. After his death she used to interpret the works of her husband’s remains, and she gave concerts abroad such as in London. It was the best interpreter of Schumann führendste and compositions. Together with Johannes Brahms published the entire works of her husband. But they also turned to the pieces by Frederic Chopin and Ludwig van Beethoven, and of course those of Johannes Brahms. In the year of the death of her husband, Clara Schumann moved to Berlin. 1863, she again left Berlin and moved to Lichtental near Baden-Baden. In addition to her career as a pianist Clara Schumann was composing as a mother, nor the time itself.

Schumann created some songs and chamber music, which made the influence of her late husband’s term noticeable. Some of her works were published under the name of her husband. Clara Schumann’s most important works are a Piano Trio in G minor, which she wrote in 1846, and the title “Romances for Violin and Piano”, which was created in 1853. In 1878 she left Lichtental and moved to Frankfurt am Main. There she taught in the period 1878-1892 at the High Conservatory `s.

Clara died on 20 May 1896 in Frankfurt am Main.

The portrait of Clara Schumann graced the bill of Hundertmark certificate of the D-Mark.

• February 3, 2012 -- Robert Schumann (0)
  The German pianist and composer is among the most important musicians of the German high romanticism. Among his models based on Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, Robert Alexander Schumann wrote especially for his piano compositions is an important piece of German and European music history. S...
• November 29, 2011 -- Niccolò Paganini (0)
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• September 14, 2011 -- Johannes Brahms (0)
  The German composer, pianist and conductor, whose work is the romance is attributed to advanced, in the second half of the 19th Century to one of Europe's Symphony Orchestra. His piano trios and piano quartets and the cello and violin sonatas are among the most important compositions in chamber musi...
• September 14, 2011 -- Franz Liszt (0)
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• February 3, 2012 -- Frederic Chopin (0)
  The Polish composer, pianist and teacher, was the founder of an entirely new, hitherto not known before, piano style. Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin has advanced to become one of the most famous virtuosos of his time. He was much influenced by his work, consisting of piano concertos, ballades, preludes,...

Gustave Courbet was born in 1819 near Besançon in the region Ornans, Franche-Comté, the son of a poor peasant family.

After leaving school, and a recent visit to Besancon Academy in 1840 he traveled to Paris. Here he pursued autodidactic studies of painting. This served him first and foremost role models of the Dutch art scene of the time, whose works he copied. As of 1844, Courbet was represented with several works in the “Salon d’Automne in Paris.” After 1849 his work “The Stone Breakers,” a realistic and critical view of road construction workers had caused a sensation, caused his monumental painting “Burial at Ornans”, released in 1850 from a real scandal.

His real-looking paintings of peasants and clergy objected to the idea of ​​an idealized representation of the ruling. So the painting was seen as an affront. The resulting work later worked as provocative to his critics. After the rejection of his works by the jury of the “Paris Exhibition” in 1855, Courbet set up his own pavilion. This was the programmatic name “Pavillon du Réalisme”. Here he showed the painting “The Studio, subtitled:” A realistic allegory of seven years of my life as an artist. ”

Courbet was a supporter of the social revolutionary ideas of Proudhon, he along with other friends on some studio pictures portrayed. “Réalisme” now became synonymous for an independent style, in the second half of the century, especially in Germany, inspired and influenced countless artists. By Courbet’s impressive, technical and presentation skills with its bold color with pronounced impasto, which he applied mostly with a palette knife, a change took place increasingly to Impressionism. This was clearly in his versions of the Volga, as well as in his depictions of landscapes and seascapes.

This impulse was strengthened by his 1869 trip to Munich. It was here in the studio of Wilhelm von Kaulbach, one of his greatest nude portraits, “La Femme de Munich – The Munich”. In 1871 he worked as a lecturer in art museums and working in Paris communities. In this position, Courbet could receive a large portion of important works. In connection with this action was issued against an accusation of Courbet avoidable incitement to overthrow the “Vendome column.” In the following case against him, he was convicted, imprisoned and confiscated all his property.

After his release in 1872 he emigrated to Switzerland. Here Gustave Courbet died on New Year’s Eve of 1877 in La Tour-de-Peilz near Vevey.

• August 15, 2011 -- Edgar Degas (0)
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• August 15, 2011 -- Edouard Manet (0)
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• January 22, 2012 -- Giuseppe Mazzini (0)
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• January 11, 2012 -- Adalbert Stifter (0)
  The Austrian painter and educator, is one of the foremost writers of the Biedermeier period. Adalbert Stifter devoted himself - except next to some decadent early poems - only the prose. His first stories in the work volume "Studies" (1844-1850) established his reputation as a writer. His novels des...
• September 27, 2011 -- Baruch Spinoza (0)
  The Dutch philosopher with Sephardic (Iberian-Jewish) ancestors was a rationalist and is considered one of the founders of modern biblical criticism. Baruch Spinoza (Latinized Benedictus de Spinoza) taught a philosophy of ethical rationalism and pantheism. It recognizes the people fit into a world o...

Giuseppe Verdi Francesco Fortunino on 10 October 1813 in the village Roncole near Busseto in Emilia (Italy), the son of a retail merchant, was born.

Because of his early talent, the young Verdi enjoyed thanks to the generous support of several sponsors an education in the music school of Busseto. At an early age he began to compose music. At 15, he was able to bring a first composition in the musical theater of Busseto performed. 1832 Verdi moved to Milan, where he was refused admission to the Conservatory. Instead, it was the concertmaster and composer V. Lavigna as a student at the “Teatro della Scala”, where he went into teaching until 1835. As a result, he took over for three years, the leadership of the brass band of his village and he occasionally appeared as a pianist in the surrounding villages. Verdi married Margherita Barezzi 1836, with whom he had in the two following years, two children, but – like the young mother – died shortly after.

In November 1839 he gave the performance of his first opera composition “Oberto” at La Scala, a good initial success. Marelli, the impresario of the house asked, then Verdi to compose three operas. As a result of the deaths in his family he failed the first work as a comic opera “Il finto Stanislao” was a failure. Marelli, however, soon succeeded, Verdi T. Solera’s libretto enthuse about “Nabucco”. The composer created from the biblical material is an impressive operatic experience that learned after his first performance at La Scala in 1842 in only four months of 57 performances. Over the next nine years, wrote 13 operas of masters, whose performance he personally led and which established his fame in Italy and spread to Paris and London.
During this time he began with the opera singer Giuseppina (d. 1897) live together, which had contributed to the successful performance of Nabucco, and whom he married in 1859th Both were located on the estate at Sant’Agata Busseto, in his home down. In the years 1851 to 1862 Verdi opera took another eight houses in Italy and in Paris and St. Petersburg for the performance. His sympathies for the Italian national movement had already come through the typical romance turning to medieval opera subjects for expression productions such as “I Lombardi alla prima Crociata” (1843), “La Battaglia di Legnano” (1849) and “I Vespri Siciliani” (1855) surveys medieval Italy transfigured against foreign rule, the Italian public to the 19th Century as an impressive guide to action in the historic presence of mind led.

The success of this opera was associated with their present-oriented political message that the public at that time between the lines of the performances herauslas and turned against the current Austrian domination. 1859 Giuseppe Verdi played as a respected representative of his native province play an active role in their integration into the new Italian nation-state. In 1861 he was elected deputy of Busseto in the National Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy in Turin. Under the influence of Italian unification, he wrote his “Hymn of the Nations”. In 1874 he joined the Italian Senate. The highlights of his late work, four more operas, which he did in 1863 (“Don Carlos”), 1871 (“Aida”) list, 1887 (“Othello”) and 1893 (“Falstaff”).

Giuseppe Verdi died on 27 January 1901 in Milan, where it was buried in the chapel of the retirement home he created for musicians.

• February 3, 2012 -- Richard Wagner (0)
  The German composer of the musical romance is one of the biggest European music dramatists. Richard Wagner altered the expression of romantic music and the theoretical and practical bases of the Opera, designed by dramatic and euphoric actions as a total work of art and writing to text, music and st...
• January 24, 2012 -- Vincenzo Bellini (0)
  A native of Sicily composer Gioacchino Rossini and coined together with Domenico Donizetti opera, the European theater of the first half of the 19th Century. The produced in his works unique relationship between music and text was based on a lyrical and dramatic style of Vincenzo Bellini, whose infl...
• December 7, 2011 -- Gaetano Donizetti (0)
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• September 28, 2011 -- George Frideric Handel (0)
  The German composer, considered to be most prominent representative of the late Baroque. A great success earned him his fifth opera, "Agrippina," which premiered in Venice. His works include operas, oratorios and sacred cantatas. Together with Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel gained sig...

Richard Wagner was born on 22 May 1813 in Leipzig, born the ninth child of lawyers and laymen actor Carl Friedrich Wagner and the baker’s daughter, Johanna Rosine Wagner.

Six months after his birth, on 23 November 1813 the father died of typhus. In August 1814, married Wagner’s mother, the actor and poet Ludwig Geyer. 1814 the family moved to Dresden. After leaving school, Richard Wagner attended the University of Leipzig in 1831 and studied music. Between 1833 and 1839 worked at the opera houses of Würzburg, Magdeburg, Königsberg, and Riga as Choreinstudierer, conductor, and in other positions. In 1836 he married actress Minna Planer Konigsberg, which he saw earlier in Magdeburg. Due to financial problems, he fled in 1839 deeply in debt to England from Riga.

During his trip in 1841 came the first plans of the opera “The Flying Dutchman”. After a brief stay in London, it was Wagner settled in Paris where he composed under the influence of Berlioz’s Faust Overture. Under poor conditions he lived until April 1842 in Paris. He then traveled back to Germany and settled in Dresden. In the same year there was also his stage work, “Rienzi” premiered, that meant with his triumph to his musical breakthrough. 1843 Wagner was appointed as Royal Saxon Kapellmeister. Wagner, who zuordnete to the radical wing of German politics and the failed revolution of 1848 participated in the May uprising in Dresden, had had since he was a warrant, to flee from Prussia.

First he traveled to Weimar, where he resided with Franz Liszt. He later moved on to Zurich, where he lived until 1858. During this time he stayed with his wife in a garden house them, the merchant and his wife Mathilde Otto Wesendonck featured on their premises. Richard Wagner secretly in love with Mathilde Wesendonck, and the reading of Arthur Schopenhauer, “The World as Will and Representation,” inspired him to write “Tristan und Isolde.” After his feelings known for Mathilde were Wagner had left his exile. Re living in poor conditions, he traveled to Venice, Lucerne, Paris and Vienna. His great musical admirers, called Ludwig II, Wagner to Munich in 1864 and granted him unlimited hospitality.

The Bavarian monarch beglich Wagner’s debts and continue to support him financially generous. In 1866 his wife died and he married on 25 August 1870 Cosima von Bulow, daughter of Franz Liszt and divorced wife of the pianist and conductor Hans von Bulow. Because Wagner’s involvement in Bavarian politics, he had to leave temporarily in Munich, after which he moved to Geneva. With his wife and his son Siegfried, he then settled in 1872 in Bayreuth. He began that year with the construction of his mitentworfenen the Festspielhaus, financed by Ludwig II in the hope of alleviating his chronic heart condition Wagner traveled to Venice in 1882.

Richard Wagner died on 13 February 1883, the Palazzo Vendramin on the Grand Canal.

• October 4, 2011 -- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (0)
  The writer was the most important poets of the Enlightenment. With his plays and his theoretical writings he influenced the further development of German literature significantly. By Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, the name of a newer in the German drama and theater arts is connected. He moved not only th...
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  The German mechanic and entrepreneur called in the middle of the 19th Century, in Jena, a small factory for the production of microscopes in life. Within a few decades, Carl Zeiss developed his company into the world's leading producers of optical and precision devices. The company Carl Zeiss Jena c...
• January 30, 2012 -- Theodor Mommsen (0)
  With a doctorate in law and was instrumental in the emergence of scientific history in Germany in the 19th Century involved. With his never-completed "Roman History" and numerous other works of Theodor Mommsen set scientific milestones. Moreover, the Nobel Laureate linked with the historic watch pol...
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  The doctor was a pioneer of modern naturopathy and also the namesake for the allotments, which were known worldwide. The allotment was made ​​of the founding of the first Leipzig Turnverein produced with the assistance of Dr. Daniel Gottlob Schreber. Laid out in the first place after the death of al...